If you have had a PPD "Black Henna" temporary tattoo, or are considering purchasing "Black Henna" that contains PPD, please read these articles. 

Abdulla KA, Davidson NM, "A Woman who Collapsed after Painting Her Soles"
Lancet 1996: 348: 658
"PPD (used in "black henna") is a potent skin sensitizer; it can cause angioneurotic edema, collapse, and renal failure in severe cases"

Al-Tufail, M, Mahier, T., Tate, J., Haq, A., "Rapid Identification of Phenylenediamines in Traditional Hair Dyes by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry"
Department of Pathology and laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 
"commercial hair dye products are known to cause hypersensitivity in certain individuals and several mutagenic phenylenediamines (PPD) found in hair products have been reported to be carcinogenic in animals."
"Ten samples of commercial hair dye had an average p-PD level of 7.7% with individual samples ranging form 0.04 to 66.5%."

Ames, B.N., Kammen, H. O., and Yamasaki, E, "Hair Dyes are Mutagenic: Identification of a Variety of Mutagenic Ingredients"
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 72, 2437 - 2433  1975 
PPD is demonstrated to be mutagenic.

Ashraf W., Dawling S., and Farrow L.J., "Systemic Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) Poisoning: a Case Report and Review"
Human and Experimental toxicology 13, 167 - 170 1994 
"deliberate or accidental ingestion of PPD itself is associated with muscle damage leading to death in humans"
Children who recieve PPD black henna body art are apt to accidentally ingest the PPD!

Averbukh, A, Modai D., Leonov Y, Weissgarten J., Lewisnohn G., Fucs, L, Golik A, and Rosenmann, E., Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure Induced by Para Phenylenediamine
Human toxicology 8 345-348 1989 
"deliberate or accidental ingestion of PPD itself is associated with muscle necrosis leading to death in humans"
Children who recieve PPD black henna body art are apt to accidentally ingest the PPD!

Baud F. J. , Gallilot M, Cantineau J, Muszinsky J, Bolo A., Benahmed T., and Bismuth C., "Rabdomyolyse au cours d'une intoxicationaigue par la para-phenylene diamine"
Journal de Toxicologie Medicale 4, 279 - 283 1984 
"deliberate or accidental ingestion of PPD itself is associated with muscle damage leading to death in humans"
Children who recieve PPD black henna body art are apt to accidentally ingest the PPD!

Blohm SG., Rajka G., "The Allergenicity of Paraphenylenediamine"
Acta Dermatolo-Venercologica 1970: 50: 51-4 
"Subjects have been shown to react to lower concentrations of metabolic breakdown products of PPD than to the actual PPD molecule itself"
As PPD breaks down in your body, it gets worse, not better.

Broeckx, W. “Cosmetic Intolerance”
Contact Dermatitis 16: 189, 1987 
Demonstrates that PPD is a strong sensitizer and use of PPD in cosmetics can result in injury and further sensitizations

Calman CD.., "Hair Dye Reaction"
Contact Dermatitis Newsletter 1967; 1:16 
Severe cases of immediate type hypersensitivity to PPD described in which the patients developed severe edema, irritation of the eyes and face and also difficulty in breathing

Chemical Data Sheet on 1,4 Phenylenediamine
Uglabs, MSDS, University of San Diego 

Chung, K., Murdock, C., Stevens, S., Li, Y, Wei, C, Huang, T, Chou, M., "Mutagenicity and Toxicity studies of P-Phenylenediamine and its derivatives"
Toxicology Letters 81, 1995, 23 - 32 1995 
"P-Phenylenediamine has been reported to increase the formation of liver tumors in mice."

Crebelli, R., Conti, L., Carere, A., and Zito, R., "Mutagenicity of Commercial P-Phenylenediamine and of an Oxidation Mixture of P-Phenylenediamine and Resorcinol in Salmonella Typhimurium TA98"
Food Cosmetology and Toxicology, 1981, 19, 79-84 
PPD is a mutagen. 

Degawa M., Shoji Y, Masuko K, Yoshiyuki H., "Mutagenicity of Metabolites of Carcinogenic Aminoazo dyes"
Cancer Letters 8: 71 - 6  1979 
"P-phenylenediamine is known to be mutagenic"

Devos, Van Der Valk"The Risk of Active Sensitization to PPD"
Contact Dermatitis, 2001, 44, 273 - 275 
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands 
"application of PPD may lead to active sensitization to black clothing, printer's ink, Fax ink, hair dye, fur dye, leather dye, photographic products"

Devecioglu, C.; Katar, S.; Dogru, O., and others, "Henna-Induced Hemolytic Anemia and Acute Renal Failure" 
The Turkish journal of pediatrics. 43, Part 1 (2001): 65-66 Libraries: 30 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna, and thatPPD applied as a body art can have fatal consequences!

Edward EK Jr., Edward EK, "Contact Urticaria and Allergic Contact Dermatitis caused by Paraphenylenediamine"
Cutis 1984, 34: 87-8 
"PPD elicits not only contact hypersensitivity but imediate-type hypersensitivity."
Sometimes you have a PPD nasty reaction sooner, and sometimes you have one later.

Gallo R., Ghigliotti G., Cozzani E., Balestrero, S. “Contact Dermatitis from Para-pheylenediamine Used as a Skin Paint: a Further Case”
Contact Dermatitis 1999: 40:57 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Garcia Ortiz JC, Terron M, Bellido J, "Contact alergy to Henna"
Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997 114, 298-299 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!
Allergic reactions to henna demonstrated to be extremely rare

Greenfield, M. D.O. “A Long Lasting Souvenir”
Courtlandt Forum, June 2001 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Hashim S., Hamza Y., Yahia B., Khogali F. and Sulieman G, " Poisoning from Henna Dye and Para-phenylenediamine Mixtures in Children in Khartoum"
Annals of Tropical Pediatrics 12, 3 - 6 
"Poisoning by a mixture of henna dye and para-phenylenediamine dyes led to the hospitalization of 31 Sudanese children between 1984 and 1989. There was a characteristic clinical presentation. All children presented with an acute and severe angioneurotic oedema and 15 of the cases required emergency tracheostomy for respiratory obstruction. Acute renal failure occurred in five children who recovered after peritoneal dialysis. Mortality was high, all 13 deaths occurring within 24 hours of presentation. Hypotensive shock gave a poor prognosis. It is possible that similar cases may be occurring unrecognized where henna is traditionally used. A programme of public education and restriction of para-phenylenediamine is urgently required in The Sudan and other affected nations. Ingestion was accidental in 12 children, deliberate in 10 and homicidal in three cases. Cutaneous absorption was likely in the remaining six."

Jappe, Uta ; Hausen, Bj ; Petzoldt, Detlef, "Erythema-multiforme-like eruption and depigmentation following allergic contact dermatitis from a paint-on henna tattoo, due to para-phenylenediamine contact hypersensitivity"
 Contact Dermatitis 45, no. 4 (2001): 249-250 (2 pages) Additional Info: Munksgaard International Publishers; 20011000 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Lava N S , Dollar J, "Hair Dye-Induced Rhabdomyolysis"
Albany Medical College NY 
Electroencephalography anc Clinical Neurophysiology 98 8 - 40 1996 
41 year old woman was admitted with acute renal failure from PPD hair dye application:  Cutaneous absorption of PPD from hair dye application caused blistering skin in area of application, then lesions on neck, chest and abdomen.  On admission to hospital, she had denuded skin, muscle pain, muscle swelling, confusion, hyponatremic, in acute renal failure and had elevated creatine kinase. Muscle biopsy showed scattered necrotic fibers from PPD.  Life-threatening absorption of PPD through skin is unusual but it DOES happen!  There were no other risk factors for rhabdomyolysis in her history. 

Le Coz, C.J., "Risques des peintures cutanées ou tatouages labiles au « henné noir »" 
Revue Francaise d'Allergogie et d Immunologie Clinique Volume: 41, Issue: 5, August, 2001. pp. 504-509. 
Establishment and characterization of para-phenylenediamine induced contact hypersensitivity. 
"PPD can cause angioneurotic edema, collapes and renal failure in severe cases"
Demonstrates that PPD "black henna" can cause injury and sensitization, and that children are particularly at risk.

Le Coz CJ, Lefebvre C, Keller F., Grosshands E.," Allergic contact dermatitis caused by skin painting (pseudotattooing) with black henna, a mixture of henna and p-phenylenediamine and its derivatives."
Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 1515 - 7 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Le Coz CJ, Lefebvre C, Keller F., Grosshands E., "Les Tatouages Labiles au "henne Noir": une cause epidemique d'eczema de contact par sensibilisation cutanee a la paraphenylen diamine (PPD)"
Ref Fr. Allergol Immunol Clin 2000; 40 (Suppl 2) : 416 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Lewin PK, "Temporary henna tattoo with permanent scarification."
Can Med Ass 1999 160:310 
PPD scarring may be permanent!
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!
Allergic reactions to henna demonstrated to be extremely rare

Lestringnant GG, Bener A.., Frossard PM., " Cutaneous Reactions to Henna and Associated Additives"
Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 598 - 600 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Lippert, U.; Lessmann, H.; Struber-Walter, A., and others, "Allergic contact dermatitis due to a henna-tattoo with sensitization to p-phenylenediamine (PPD)"
 Allergologie. 24, Part 6 (2001): 261-264 Libraries: 52 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Mohamed M., Nixon R., “Severe Allergic Contact Dermatitis Induced by Parapheylenediamine in Paint-on Temporary Tattoos”
Australas J Dermatol 2000: 41: 168-171 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Munday R., Manns E., "Muscle Necrosis in Rats Induced by 2-Methoxy-p-phenylenediamine"
Food and Chemical Toxicology 37 1999 561-564 
"...it was found that 2-methoxol-p-phenylenedyamine, a component of oxidative hair dyes, causes necrosis of skeletal muscle (gastroenemius, diaphragm and tongue) in rats."

Nikkels, AF, Henry, F., Pierard, "Allergic Reactions fo Decorative Skin Paintings"
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology,  2001 15, 140-2 
"PPD is the main allergen identified in allergic reactions to decorative skin paintings"

Nixon, R. Orchard D. "Positive Para-Phenylene Diamine (PPD) Reactions Following Paint-On Tattoos"
Australas J Dermatol 1999 40: 120 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

O'Brien TJ, McColl CM, "Unusual reations to Paint-On Tattoos"
Australas J Dermatol 1999 40: 120 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Onder, M., Atahan, C.A., Oztax, P., Oztas, M., "Temporary Henna Tattoo Reactions in Children"
International Journal of Dermatology, 2001, 40, 577-579 
"Henna is relatively safe. Allergic and irritant reactions are rare"
"PPD added to henna causes severe contact allergy, patch tests confirmed sensitivity to PPD, not henna"
"At least one case of permanent scarification has been reported"
"Postinflamitory hypopigmentation may remain at tattoo site" 
(this means after the scarring and blistering has subsided, a long-lasting white ghost image of the tattoo remains)

Rajka G, Blohm SG, "The Allergenicity of Paraphenylenediamine "
Arch Derm Stockholm 1970: 50: 51-4 
Demonstrates the relationship between sensitization to PPD and sensitization to benzocaine

Shemesh I, Mishai Y, Baruchin A, Viskoper R, Azuri M., "Rhabdomyolysis in paraphenylenediamine intoxication"
Veterinary and Human Toxicology 37, 244 - 245 1995 
Death caused by PPD

Saito, K., Murai T., Yabe K., Watanabe H., and Hurukawa T., "Rhabdomyolysis due to paraphenylenediamine hair dye. Report of an Autopsy Case."
Nippn Hoigaku Zasshi 44 469 - 474 1990 
Death caused by  PPD 

 Scibilia, J; Galdi, E; Biscaldi, G, and others,  "Occupational asthma caused by black henna"
  Allergy. 52, no. 2, (1997): 231 (1 pages) Libraries: 187 
Para-Phenylenediamine is demonstrated to cause Asthma

Severin Lutchl, Stephan Lautenschlager, “Contact Dermatitis after Temporary Henna Tattoos – an Increasing Phenomenon”
Outpatient Clinic of Dermatology, Triemli Hospital, Zurich Switzerland
Swiss Medical Weekly, 2001: 131, 199-202 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Sidbury, R., Storrs FJ, "Pruritic Eruption at the site of a Temporary Tattoo"
Am J Contact Derm 2000 II (3): 182-183 
Demonstrates that PPD is a potent skin sensitizer, and can cause angioneurotic edema, colapse and renal failure in severe cases.

Suliman S., Homeida M., Aboud O, "Paraphenylenediamine Induced Acute Tubular Necrosis Following Hair Dye Ingestion"
Human Toxicology 2, 633- 635 1983 
Death cause by PPD; children who have PPD black henna applications may accidentally ingest PPD!

Thami, G P ; Kaur, S ; Kanwar, A J,  Allergy Net - "Allergic contact dermatitis to henna"
Allergy. 56, no. 10, (2001): 1013 (1 pages) 
Additional Info: Munksgaard. 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Tosti, A., Pazzaglia, M., Bertazzoni, M., "Contact Allergy from Temporary Tattoos"
Br J Dermatol 2000; 136: 1061 - 2 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

United States Congress House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, "Safety of hair dyes and cosmetic products : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, July 19, 1979"
Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979 
In this document arguments are put forth before congress demonstrating that PPD and other ingredients in hair dye are hazardous to the consumers health, and is linked to cancers, is mutagenic, causes asthma, and has caused severe debilitating illnesses and deaths. 

United States General Accounting Office,  "Cancer and coal tar hair dyes : an unregulated hazard to consumers : report of the Comptroller General of the United States Publish info Washington"
General Accounting Office, 1977 
In this document arguments are put forth before congress demonstrating that PPD and other ingredients in hair dye are hazardous to the consumers health, and is linked to cancers, is mutagenic, causes asthma, and has caused severe debilitating illnesses and deaths. 

Wakelin S.H., Creamer D., Ryroft R.J. G., White I., R., McFadden, “Contact Dermatitis from para-phenylenediamine used as a Skin Paint”
Contact Dermatitis, 1998, 39: 92-3 
Demonstrates that PPD is the cause of “black henna” injuries, not henna!

Watanabe, T., Hirayama, T., and Fukui, S., "The Mutagenic Modulating Effect of P-Phenylenediamine on the osication of 0- or m-phenylenediamine with hydrogen peroxide in the Salmonella test"
Mutat. Res. 245, 2001 - 220 1990 
"P-Phenylenediamine has been reported to increase the formation of liver tumors in mice"
"Many of the P-Phenelynediamine  derivitives were found to be mutagenic."

Wurstbauer, Karl ; Sedlmayer, Felix ; Kogelnik, H Dieter, " Skin markings in external radiotherapy by temporary tattooing with henna: Improvement of accuracy and increased patient comfort"
 International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics. 50, no. 1, (2001): 179 (4 pages) 
Additional Info: Pergamon Press. 
Notes high level of safety in 100% natural henna, and its potential helpfulness as a site locator in radiotherapy treatment.

Yokozeki, H.; Watanabe, K.; Katayama, I.; Nishioka, K., "gd T cells assist ab T cells in the adoptive transfer of contact hypersensitivity to para-phenylenediamine"
Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume: 108, Issue: 4, April, 1997. pp. 641. 
“Sensitization by para-phenylenediamine(PPD) has been considered by some countries to be so great a hazard that its use in hair dyes was banned in Germany in the early 1900’s.  It was subsequently prohibited in France, and in 1964 in Sweden; however in Japan PPD is still used as a common component in hair dyes.”

Yokozeki, H.; Watanabe, K.; Igawa, K.; Miyazaki, Y.; Katayama, I.; Nishioka, K., "The Risk of Active Sensitization to PPD"
Clinical & Experimental Immunology Volume: 125, Issue: 3, September 1, 2001. pp. 351-359. 

On the web:
http://www.truetest.com/templates/20.html
If you have become sensitized to PPD through a PPD 'black henna" temporary tattoo, contact with the following may set off a nasty allergic reaction! You may have to avoid these if you have had a reaction to a PPD "black henna"! 
 PABA-based sunscreens or creams   Azo® or disperse textile dyes     Other dye chemicals   Sulfa drugs*     Semipermanent hair dyes   Some “caine” drugs such as benzocaine*     Sulfonamides*   Para-aminosalicylic acid (p-aminosalicylic acid)     Diaminodiphenylmethane (epoxy hardener)   Para-aminodiphenylamine (p-amino-diphenylamine)     Paratoluenediamine (p-toluenediamine)   2,4-Diaminoanisole     Ortho-aminophenol (o-aminophenol)    Black rubber products     Sulfones*
Talk to your doctor about this, especially if you have a prescription that ends in "-caine".
 You also may wish to avoid sunscreens or creams that contain PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid or p-aminobenzoic acid) and products containing benzocaine, since some people allergic to p-Phenylenediamine will react to these products. 
Inform your healthcare providers that you have a reaction to PPD black henna, indicating an allergy to p-Phenylenediamine!

http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/LT-studies/TR169.html
TR-169 Bioassay of 2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine for Possible Carcinogenicity (CAS No. 5307-14-2)
"2-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine. a component of both semipermanent and permanent hair dye formulations, was selected for bioassay by the National Cancer Institute because of the increased incidence of bladder cancer among dye manufacturing industry workers. Aromatic amines are one of several classes of organic chemicals thought to contribute to the increased cancer risk in this industry. The widespread exposure to 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine among the general population, and the possibility of an increased cancer risk among hairdressers were additional factors in the selection of this compound for testing."
"Under the conditions of this bioassay, dietary administration of 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine was carcinogenic to female B6C3F1 mice, causing an increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms, primarily hepatocellular adenomas."

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepage/2388.htm